Research papers and studies relate to the impact of sewage on coral reef health:

• 2025 Dampier Strait Rapid Water Quality Study
• Burkepile, D.E., Shantz, A.A., Adam, T.C., Munsterman, K.S., Speare, K.E., Ladd, M.C., Schmitt, R.J., Holbrook, S.J., 2020. Nitrogen identity drives differential impacts of nutrients on coral bleaching and mortality. Ecosystems 23, 798–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00418-6
• Lapointe, B.E., Brewton, R.A., Herren, L.W., Porter, J.W., Hu, C., 2019. Nitrogen enrichment, altered stoichiometry, and coral reef decline at regional scales. Marine Pollution Bulletin 146, 706–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.042
• Vega Thurber, R., Burkepile, D.E., Correa, A.M.S., Shantz, A.A., Welsh, R., Pritchard, C., Rosales, S., 2014. Chronic nutrient enrichment increases prevalence and severity of coral disease and bleaching. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111, 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131177511
• Wiedenmann, J., D’Angelo, C., Smith, E.G., Hunt, A.N., Legiret, F.E., Postle, A.D., Achterberg, E.P., 2013. Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nature Climate Change 3, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1661
• Zhang, J., Huang, Z., Li, Y., Fu, D., Li, Q., Song, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, H., Kao, S.J., 2023. Synergistic and antagonistic effects of nitrate and ammonium on fatty acid biosynthesis and translocation in corals under heat stress. Science of the Total Environment 876, 162834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162834
• Muscatine, L., Falkowski, P.G., Dubinsky, Z., Cook, P.A., McCloskey, L.R., 1989. The effect of external nutrient resources on the population dynamics of zooxanthellae in a reef coral. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 236, 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1989.0025
• Wagner, D. & Kramer, Philip & Van Woesik, Robert. (2010). Species composition, habitat, and water quality influence coral bleaching in southern Florida. Marine Ecology-progress Series – MAR ECOL-PROGR SER. 408. 65-78. 10.3354/meps08584.
• DeCarlo TM, Gajdzik L, Ellis J, Coker DJ, Roberts MB, Hammerman NM, Pandolfi JM, Monroe AA, Berumen ML. Nutrient-supplying ocean currents modulate coral bleaching susceptibility. Sci Adv. 2020 Aug 21;6(34):eabc5493. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5493. PMID: 32937375; PMCID: PMC7442482.
• M.K. Donovan, T.C. Adam, A.A. Shantz, K.E. Speare, K.S. Munsterman, M.M. Rice, R.J. Schmitt, S.J. Holbrook, & D.E. Burkepile, Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 (10) 5351-5357, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915395117 (2020).
• Zaneveld, J., Burkepile, D., Shantz, A. et al. Overfishing and nutrient pollution interact with temperature to disrupt coral reefs down to microbial scales. Nat Commun 7, 11833 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11833.
• Gove, J.M., Williams, G.J., Lecky, J. et al. Coral reefs benefit from reduced land–sea impacts under ocean warming. Nature 621, 536–542 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06394-w
• Mulà, C., Bradshaw, C.J.A., Cabeza, M. et al. Restoration cannot be scaled up globally to save reefs from loss and degradation. Nat Ecol Evol 9, 822–832 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-025-02667-x